Bio

It is a requirement of the programme that students study at least one subject from group 4.
 * Diploma Programme curriculum **
 * Group 4: Experimental sciences **




 * Four subjects are available: **
 * biology
 * chemistry
 * design technology
 * physics
 * Environmental systems and societies - which meets the group 3 and group 4 requirements (see additional subjecst section).

All of these subjects may be studied at higher level or standard level. Students explore the concepts, theories, models and techniques that underpin each subject area and through these develop their understanding of the scientific method. A compulsory project encourages students to appreciate the environmental, social and ethical implications of science. This exercise is collaborative and interdisciplinary and provides an opportunity for students to explore scientific solutions to global questions. Sports, exercise and health science is a pilot subject at standard level. It will become a mainstream group 4 subject in 2012 with first examinations in 2014.

= = =**INTERVIEW LINKS:**=

Biology Teacher: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHDXZ5EM-nI Student experience: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDu0TKzdxmo&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL

**Structure and assessment ** Group 4 subjects follow roughly the same format. Each subject has its Subject Specific Core (SSC), i.e., material taught at both the standard and higher levels. Students sitting the Higher Level examination study the Additional Higher Level (AHL) material. Lastly, there is a list of options for each subject from which two are chosen. Higher Level students are sometimes unable to choose certain options that are available to Standard Level students because the AHL already covers it. Ideally, students choose the options based on their own abilities and preferences, but in practice the options are usually chosen by the school (based on the school's scientific facilities as well as the discretion of the instructor). Students spend one-quarter of the 150 hours of SL instruction (240 hours for HL; however, both numbers are merely recommendations and are not enforced) doing practical work in the laboratory. Group 4 subjects at the Standard Level are tailored for students who do not see themselves in further science instruction after leaving the programme. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Assessment of a Group 4 subject comprises the following: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">At the Standard Level, the examinations are respectively 45 minutes, 1 hour and 15 minutes, and 1 hour long. At the Higher Level, they are 1 hour, 2 hours and 15 minutes, and 1 hour and 15 minutes long. Calculators are not permitted for Paper 1, but they (as well as a provided formula booklet and periodic table) are permitted for papers 2 and 3.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Internal assessment of the practical work (24%)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Paper 1 – multiple choice questions on the SSC (20%)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Paper 2 – free response questions on the SSC (32% at SL, 36% at HL)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Paper 3 – free response questions on the options (24% at SL, 20% at HL)

**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">physics SL ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 1: Physics and <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> physical measurement <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 2 : [|Mechanics] <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 3 : [|Thermal physics] <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 4: [|Oscillations] and [|waves] <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 5: [|Electric currents] <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 6: Fields and [|forces] <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 7: Atomic and nuclear physics <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 8: Energy, power and climate change
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.1 The realm of [|physics]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.2 Measurement and uncertainties
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.3 Vectors and scalars
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.1 [|Kinematics]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.2 [|Forces] and dynamics
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.3 Work, energy and power
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.4 Uniform circular motion
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.1 Thermal concepts
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.2 Thermal properties of [|matter]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4.1 Kinematics of simple harmonic motion (SHM)
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4.2 Energy changes during simple harmonic motion (SHM)
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4.3 Forced oscillations and [|resonance]
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4.4 Wave characteristics
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4.5 Wave properties
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5.1 Electric potential difference, current and resistance
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5.2 Electric circuits
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">6.1 Gravitational force and field
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">6.2 Electric force and field
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">6.3 Magnetic force and field
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">7.1 The [|atom]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">7.2 [|Radioactive decay]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">7.3 Nuclear reactions, [|fission] and [|fusion]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">8.1 Energy degradation and power generation
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">8.2 World energy sources
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">8.3 Fossil fuel power production
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">8.4 Non-fossil fuel power production
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">8.5 [|Greenhouse effect]
 * 6) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">8.6 [|Global warming]

**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Physics HL ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 9: Motion in fields <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 10: [|Thermal physics] <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 11: Wave phenomena <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 12: Electromagnetic induction <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 13: [|Quantum physics] and [|nuclear physics] <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 14: Digital technology
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">9.1 [|Projectile motion]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">9.2 [|Gravitational field], potential and energy
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">9.3 [|Electric field], potential and energy
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">9.4 [|Orbital motion]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">10.1 [|Thermodynamics]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">10.2 Processes
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">10.3 [|Second law of thermodynamics] and [|entropy]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">11.1 Standing (stationary) waves
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">11.2 [|Doppler effect]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">11.3 [|Diffraction]
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">11.4 Resolution
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">11.5 [|Polarization]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">12.1 Induced [|electromotive force] (emf)
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">12.2 [|Alternating current]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">12.3 Transmission of electrical power
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">13.1 Quantum physics
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">13.2 Nuclear physics
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">14.1 Analogue and digital signals
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">14.2 Data capture; digital imaging using charge-coupled devices (CCDs)

**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Physics Options ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">SL: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">SL and HL: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">HL:
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sight and wave phenomena
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Quantum physics] and [|nuclear physics]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Digital technology
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Relativity] and [|particle physics]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Astrophysics]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Communications
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Electromagnetic Waves]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Relativity]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Medical Physics]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Particle Physics]

**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14.5pt;">Chemistry ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topics addressed in the [|chemistry] series for 2009 include [|atomic theory], [|periodicity] , [|atomic bonds] , [|energetics] , [|chemical kinetics] , [|equilibrium] , [|acids] and [|bases] , [|oxidation] , and [|organic chemistry].

**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Chemistry SL & HL ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 1: Stoichiometry <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 2: Atomic theory (sl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 3: Periodicity (sl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 4: Bonding (sl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 5: Energetics (sl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 6: Kinetics (sl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 7: Equilibrium (sl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 8: [|Acids and Bases] (sl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 9: [|Oxidation and reduction] (sl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 10: [|Organic chemistry] (sl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 11: Measurement and data processing
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Mole] concept and [|Avogadro's constant]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Formulas
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Chemical equations
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Moles and gaseous volume relationships in chemical reactions
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Solutions]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|The atom]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|The mass spectrometer]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Electron arrangement
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|The periodic table]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Physical properties
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Chemical properties
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Ionic bonding]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Covalent bonding]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Intermolecular forces]
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Metallic bonding]
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Physical properties]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Exo] and [|endothermic] reactions
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Calculation of [|enthalpy changes]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Hess' law]
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Bond enthalpies
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Rates of reaction
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Collision theory]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Dynamic equilibrium]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The position of equilibrium
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theories of acids and bases
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Properties of acids and bases
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strong and weak acids and bases
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|The pH scale]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Introduction to oxidation and reduction
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Redox equations]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Reactivity]
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Voltaic cells
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Electrolytic cells
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Introduction
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Alkanes]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Alkenes]
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Alcohols]
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Halogenoalkanes]
 * 6) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Reaction pathways
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Uncertainty and error in measurement
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Uncertainty in calculated results
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Graphical techniques

**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Chemistry HL ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 12: Atomic structure (hl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 13: [|Periodicity] (hl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 14: [|Bonding] (hl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 15: Energetics (hl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 16: [|Kinetics] (hl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 17: [|equilibrium] ] (hl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 18: [|Acids and Bases] (hl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 19: [|Oxidation and reduction] (hl) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic 20: [|Organic chemistry] (hl)
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Electron configuration]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trends across period 3
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|First row "d" block elements]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Shapes of molecules and ions
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Hybridisation]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Delocalisation of electrons
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Standard [|enthalpy] changes of reaction
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Born-Haber cycle]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Entropy]
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Spontaneity]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Rate expression
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Reaction mechanism
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Activation energy
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Liquid-vapour equilibrium
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The equilibrium law
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Calculations involving acids and bases
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Buffer solutions]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Salt hydrolysis]
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Acid-base titrations]
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Indicators]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Standard [|electrode] potentials
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Electrolysis]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Introduction
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nucleophilic substitution reactions
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Elimination reactions
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Condensation reactions
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Reaction pathways
 * 6) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Stereoisomerism]

**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Chemistry Options **
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Modern analytical chemistry
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Human Biochemistry
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Chemistry in industry and technology
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Medicines and drugs
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Environmental Chemistry
 * 6) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Food chemistry
 * 7) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Further Organic Chemistry

**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14.5pt;">Biology ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Biology is the science of life and living organisms. Aside from instruction relevant to this, students are given the chance to learn complex laboratory techniques (e.g., DNA extraction) as well as develop mindful opinions about controversial topics in biology (e.g., stem-cell research and genetic modification). The syllabus lists thirteen topics, to be covered in an order varying from school to school: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The options: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The theory is covered in detail on a number of websites <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Internal Assessment for Biology includes the submission of a number of lab reports covering certain skills like ability to plan an experiment, ability to present data and ability to process data. Overall these count for 24 percent of a student's final grade.
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Statistical Analysis]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Cell Theory]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.1 [|Cell Theory]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.2 [|Prokaryotic Cells]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.3 [|Eukaryotic Cells]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.4 [|Membranes]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.5 [|Cell Division]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Chemistry of Life]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.1 [|Chemical elements] and [|water]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.2 [|Carbohydrates], [|lipids] and [|proteins]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.3 [|Enzymes]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.4 [|DNA] Structure
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.5 [|DNA Replication]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.6 [|Transcription] and [|translation]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.7 [|Cell Respiration]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.8 [|Photosynthesis]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Genetics]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4.1
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Ecology] and [|evolution]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5.1 [|Communities] and [|ecosystems]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5.2 [|Populations]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5.3 Evolution
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5.4 [|Classification]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5.5 [|Human Impact]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Health] and [|human physiology]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Nucleic acids] and [|proteins]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Cellular respiration] and [|photosynthesis]
 * 4) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Further genetics
 * 5) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Human reproduction]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">9.1 Production of [|Gametes]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">9.2 [|Fertilization] and [|pregnancy]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Defense against infectious disease]
 * 2) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Nerves], [|muscle] , and [|movement]
 * 3) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Excretion]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">12.1 Excretion
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">12.2 The human [|kidney]
 * 1) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;">[|Plant Science]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">13.1 Plant structure
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">13.2 Transport in [|angiospermophytes]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">13.3 [|Reproduction] in [|flowering plants]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">A – [|Diet] and [|human nutrition]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">B – Physiology of [|exercise]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">C – Cells and [|energy]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">C.1 Proteins
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">C.2 Enzymes
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">C.3 Cell respiration
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">C.4 Photosynthesis
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">D – [|Evolution]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Core (SL + HL)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">D.1 [|Origin of life on Earth]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">D.2 [|Origin of species]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">D.3 [|Evidence for evolution]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">D.4 [|Human evolution]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Extension (HL only)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G.4 The [|nitrogen cycle]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G.5 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">E – [|Neurobiology] and [|behavior]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">F – Microbes and Biotechnology
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G – [|Ecology] and [|conservation]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Core (SL + HL)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G.1 Ecology of species
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G.2 Ecology of communities
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G.3 [|Biodiversity] and conservation
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Extension (HL only)
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G.4 The [|nitrogen cycle]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">G.5 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">H – Further [|human physiology].
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">H.1 [|Hormonal] control
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">H.2 [|Digestion]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">H.3 [|Absorption] of digested foods
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">H.4 Functions of the [|liver]
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">H.5 The transport system
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">H.6 [|Gas exchange]



=FINAL GROUP 4=



BIBLIOGRAPHY

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